Impact on oral health-quality of life in infants: Multicenter study in Latin American countries.

To assess the impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in infants in ten Latin America countries (LAC). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 930 pairs of 1-to-3-year-old children/parents from 10 LAC, as a complementary study of the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region. The scale ECOHIS, previously tested and valid in ten countries, was applied to parents/caregivers of children to measure OHRQoL. Statistical analysis included descriptive data analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-One-Way) were performed to compare age groups with OHRQoL. Bootstrapping procedures (1000 re-samplings; 95%CI Bca) were performed. The mean scores of the 'Child Impact' section in the LAC was 4.0(±8.3), in the 'Family Impact' section was 2.0(±4.0), and in overall ECOHIS score was 6.0(±12.0). In the 'Child Impact' section, Argentina 10.0(+2.4) and Venezuela 17.8(±17.5) demonstrated mean scores higher than the LAC total data. In the 'Family Impact' section, the countries with higher mean scores were Argentina 4.9(±2.0), Ecuador 2.1(±3.1) and Venezuela 7.9(±7.8). In the overall ECOHIS score, Argentina 15.1 (±4.1) and Venezuela 25.7(±25.2) has higher mean scores than the values of LAC. There is an association between children's age and parents' report of impact on the OHRQoL (p<0.001). Three-year-olds had a higher mean when compared to one- and two-year-olds, both in the Impact on the Child and Impact on the Family (p<0.001) sections, as well as in the overall ECOHIS (p<0.001). In conclusion, there are differences in OHRQoL among Latin American countries, impacting older children more significantly.

Impact on oral health-quality of life in infants: Multicenter study in Latin American countries

Abstract To assess the impact of oral conditions on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in infants in ten Latin America countries (LAC). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 930 pairs of 1-to-3-year-old children/parents from 10 LAC, as a complementary study of the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region. The scale ECOHIS, previously tested and valid in ten countries, was applied to parents/caregivers of children to measure OHRQoL. Statistical analysis included descriptive data analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-One-Way) were performed to compare age groups with OHRQoL. Bootstrapping procedures (1000 re-samplings; 95%CI Bca) were performed. The mean scores of the 'Child Impact' section in the LAC was 4.0(±8.3), in the 'Family Impact' section was 2.0(±4.0), and in overall ECOHIS score was 6.0(±12.0). In the 'Child Impact' section, Argentina 10.0(+2.4) and Venezuela 17.8(±17.5) demonstrated mean scores higher than the LAC total data. In the 'Family Impact' section, the countries with higher mean scores were Argentina 4.9(±2.0), Ecuador 2.1(±3.1) and Venezuela 7.9(±7.8). In the overall ECOHIS score, Argentina 15.1 (±4.1) and Venezuela 25.7(±25.2) has higher mean scores than the values of LAC. There is an association between children's age and parents' report of impact on the OHRQoL (p<0.001). Three-year-olds had a higher mean when compared to one- and two-year-olds, both in the Impact on the Child and Impact on the Family (p<0.001) sections, as well as in the overall ECOHIS (p<0.001). In conclusion, there are differences in OHRQoL among Latin American countries, impacting older children more significantly.

Resumo Avaliar o impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) em crianças de dez países da América Latina (AL). Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 930 pares de crianças/pais de 1 a 3 anos de 10 países da AL, como estudo complementar do Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region. A escala ECOHIS, previamente testada e validada em dez países, foi aplicada a pais/cuidadores de crianças para mensurar a QVRSB. A análise estatística incluiu análise descritiva de dados e análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA-One-Way) para comparar grupos etários com QVRSB. Procedimentos de bootstrapping (1000 reamostragens; 95%IC Bca) foram realizados. A pontuação média da seção 'Impacto na Criança' na AL foi 4,0 (±8,3), na seção 'Impacto na Família' foi 2,0 (±4,0) e no escore total do ECOHIS foi 6,0 (±12,0). Na seção 'Impacto na Criança', Argentina 10,0(+2,4) e Venezuela 17,8(±17,5) demonstraram pontuações médias superiores aos dados totais da AL. Na seção 'Impacto na Família', os países com pontuações médias mais altas foram Argentina 4,9(±2,0), Equador 2,1(±3,1) e Venezuela 7,9(±7,8). No escore total do ECOHIS, Argentina 15,1 (±4,1) e Venezuela 25,7(±25,2) apresentaram escores médios superiores aos valores de AL. Houve associação entre a idade das crianças e o relato dos pais de impacto na QVRSB (p<0,001). As crianças de três anos tiveram média maior quando comparadas às de um e dois anos, tanto nas seções 'Impacto na Criança' e 'Impacto na Família' (p<0,001), quanto no escore total ECOHIS (p<0,001). Em conclusão, houveram diferenças na QVRSB entre os países da América Latina, impactando de forma mais significativa as crianças mais velhas.

Comparison between indexes for diagnosis and guidance for treatment of dental caries.

The objective of this study was to establish the correlation between an index for caries treatment needs and an index for caries lesions detection and evaluation. A cross-sectional study was performed on three samples of children aged 3 (n = 302), 5 (n = 183), and 11-14 years old (n = 60), attending early childhood centers and schools in the cities of Avellaneda, Rio Grande, and Buenos Aires. Dental caries treatment needs were estimated on every child through the Caries Treatment Needs Index (CTNI) for programming resources allocation. Also, a diagnosis of dental caries was made according to ICDAS II criteria. After the diagnostic procedures, a dental care program was developed. The ICDAS II variable was operationalized by grouping the codes into four categories: G1: code 0; G2: code 1-2; G3: code 3; G4: code 4-5-6. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for both variables, and the correlation was calculated using the Spearman coefficient. Results revealed that in the group of 3-year-old children, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.822); G2 (rho = 0.330); G3 (rho = 0.509) and G4 (rho = 0.710) between both indexes. For the group of 5-year-old children, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.821); G2 (rho = 0.260); G3 (rho = 0.344) and G4 (rho = 0.840). In the group of children 11-14 years of age, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.692); G3 (rho = 0.437) and G4 (rho = 0.764). The indices analyzed in this study (CTNI and ICDAS II) show reasonable equivalence for use in clinical and epidemiological studies based on the statistical analysis.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la correlación entre un índice de necesidad de tratamiento de caries y un índice para la detección y evaluación de lesiones de caries. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en tres muestras de niños de 3 años (n = 302), 5 años (n = 183) y 11-14 años (n = 60), que asistían a centros y escuelas de primera infancia en las ciudades de Avellaneda, Rio Grande y Buenos Aires. Las necesidades de tratamiento de caries dentales se estimaron en cada niño a través del Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento de Caries (INTC) para la asignación de recursos de programación. Además, se realizó un diagnóstico de caries dental según los criterios de la ICDAS II. Después de los procedimientos de diagnóstico, se desarrolló un programa de atención odontológica. La variable ICDAS II se operacionalizó agrupando los códigos en cuatro categorías: G1: código 0; G2: código 1-2; G3: código 3; G4: código 4-5-6. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para ambas variables y la correlación se calculó mediante el coeficiente de Spearman. Los resultados revelaron que en el grupo de niños de 3 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,822); G2 (rho = 0,330); G3 (rho = 0,509) y G4 (rho = 0,710) entre ambos índices. Para el grupo de niños de 5 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,821); G2 (rho = 0,260); G3 (rho = 0,344) y G4 (rho = 0,840). En el grupo de niños de 11 a 14 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,692); G3 (rho = 0,437) y G4 (rho = 0,764). Los índices analizados en este estudio (INTC e ICDAS II) muestran una equivalencia razonable para su uso en estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos, basado en el análisis estadístico realizado.

Comparison between indexes for diagnosis and guidance for treatment of dental caries / Comparación entre índices para el diagnóstico y orientación del tratamiento de caries dental

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to establish the correlation between an index for caries treatment needs and an index for caries lesions detection and evaluation. A cross-sectional study was performed on three samples of children aged 3 (n = 302), 5 (n = 183), and 11-14 years old (n = 60), attending early childhood centers and schools in the cities of Avellaneda, Rio Grande, and Buenos Aires. Dental caries treatment needs were estimated on every child through the Caries Treatment Needs Index (CTNI) for programming resources allocation. Also, a diagnosis of dental caries was made according to ICDAS II criteria. After the diagnostic procedures, a dental care program was developed. The ICDAS II variable was operationalized by grouping the codes into four categories: G1: code 0; G2: code 1-2; G3: code 3; G4: code 4-5-6. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for both variables, and the correlation was calculated using the Spearman coefficient. Results revealed that in the group of 3-year-old children, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.822); G2 (rho = 0.330); G3 (rho = 0.509) and G4 (rho = 0.710) between both indexes. For the group of 5-year-old children, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.821); G2 (rho = 0.260); G3 (rho = 0.344) and G4 (rho = 0.840). In the group of children 11-14 years of age, a significant correlation was observed in G1 (rho = -0.692); G3 (rho = 0.437) and G4 (rho = 0.764). The indices analyzed in this study (CTNI and ICDAS II) show reasonable equivalence for use in clinical and epidemiological studies based on the statistical analysis.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la correlación entre un índice de necesidad de tratamiento de caries y un índice para la detección y evaluación de lesiones de caries. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en tres muestras de niños de 3 años (n = 302), 5 años (n = 183) y 11-14 años (n = 60), que asistían a centros y escuelas de primera infancia en las ciudades de Avellaneda, Rio Grande y Buenos Aires. Las necesidades de tratamiento de caries dentales se estimaron en cada niño a través del Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento de Caries (INTC) para la asignación de recursos de programación. Además, se realizó un diagnóstico de caries dental según los criterios de la ICDAS II. Después de los procedimientos de diagnóstico, se desarrolló un programa de atención odontológica. La variable ICDAS II se operacionalizó agrupando los códigos en cuatro categorías: G1: código 0; G2: código 1-2; G3: código 3; G4: código 4-5-6. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para ambas variables y la correlación se calculó mediante el coeficiente de Spearman. Los resultados revelaron que en el grupo de niños de 3 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,822); G2 (rho = 0,330); G3 (rho = 0,509) y G4 (rho = 0,710) entre ambos índices. Para el grupo de niños de 5 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,821); G2 (rho = 0,260); G3 (rho = 0,344) y G4 (rho = 0,840). En el grupo de niños de 11 a 14 años se observó una correlación significativa en G1 (rho = -0,692); G3 (rho = 0,437) y G4 (rho = 0,764). Los índices analizados en este estudio (INTC e ICDAS II) muestran una equivalencia razonable para su uso en estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos, basado en el análisis estadístico realizado.

Student learning strategies according to years spent studying for a degree in dentistry.

Learning strategies are a set of organized, conscious, intentional tasks performed by a student to achieve a learning objective effectively in a given social context. The aim of the present study was to determine the type and frequency of use of different learning strategies among students taking the subject "Comprehensive Clinic II ", which corresponds to the 3rd year of the 6-year general syllabus of the undergraduate course at the School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University, and to analyze the use of these learning strategies according to the number of years elapsed between each students admission to dental school and the time he/she took that subject. Dental students (n=189) filled in the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI). Seventy-five percent were female. The tool includes 10 dimensions, organized in 77 items. Responses to each question were recorded using a Likert type scale (5 choices). Total scores were obtained by assigning values to the responses. The students were grouped according to time elapsed from year of admission to dental school to the year in which they took the subject (Institutional Persistence, TI). Statistical analysis included mean and confidence intervals for scores (total and for each domain) and comparisons among TI groups using one-way ANOVA and Tukeys post hoc test. Total score for the sample was 275.3 (71.5% of maximum possible score). There were differences in the use of learning strategies reported by dental students in the tool. Students with shorter institutional persistence times scored higher in the following dimensions: attitude and interest, motivation, selfdiscipline, willingness, self-testing and reviewing.

Las estrategias de aprendizaje son un conjunto organizado, consciente e intencional de lo que hace el estudiante para lograr con eficacia un objetivo de aprendizaje en un contexto social dado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el tipo y frecuencia de uso de estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes del curso de Clínica Integrada II, que corresponde al 3er año del programa general de 6 años de la Carrera de Odontología, y analizar su utilización en función del tiempo de permanencia en la Facultad. Los alumnos (n=189) respondieron el cuestionario "Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje y Estudio” (LASSI). Este instrumento consta de 10 dimensiones organizadas en 77 reactivos. Las respuestas a cada reactivo fueron registradas mediante una escala de Likert (5 opciones). El puntaje total se obtuvo mediante asignación de valores a las respuestas elegidas. Los estudiantes fueron agrupados de acuerdo con el tiempo transcurrido entre el ingreso a la carrera y el la fecha en que cursaron la asignatura elegida. (Permanencia institucional, TI). Procesamiento estadístico: cálculo de media e intervalo de confianza para puntajes (total y por dominio) y comparación entre grupos (PI) mediante ANOVA de un factor y post hoc Tukey. El componente femenino fue 75%. El puntaje total para la muestra fue 275,3 (71,5% del máximo posible). Se comprobaron diferencias en el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje. Los alumnos con menor tiempo de permanencia institucional mostraron puntajes mas altos en las siguientes dimensiones: actitud e interés, motivación, autodisciplina, disponibilidad y autoevaluación / repaso.

Student learning strategies according to years spent studying for a degree in dentistry / Relación entre estrategias de aprendizaje y permanencia en el ciclo curricular en estudiantes de Odontología

Learning strategies are a set of organized, conscious, intentional tasks performed by a student to achieve a learning objective effectively in a given social context. The aim of the present study was to determine the type and frequency of use of different learning strategies among students taking the subject "Comprehensive Clinic II ", which corresponds to the 3rd year of the 6-year general syllabus of the undergraduate course at the School of Dentistry, Buenos Aires University, and to analyze the use of these learning strategies according to the number of years elapsed between each student's admission to dental school and the time he/she took that subject. Dental students (n=189) filled in the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI). Seventy-five percent were female. The tool includes 10 dimensions, organized in 77 items. Responses to each question were recorded using a Likert type scale (5 choices). Total scores were obtained by assigning values to the responses. The students were grouped according to time elapsed from year of admission to dental school to the year in which they took the subject (Institutional Persistence, TI). Statistical analysis included mean and confidence intervals for scores (total and for each domain) and comparisons among TI groups using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Total score for the sample was 275.3 (71.5% of maximum possible score). There were differences in the use of learning strategies reported by dental students in the tool. Students with shorter institutional persistence times scored higher in the following dimensions: attitude and interest, motivation, selfdiscipline, willingness, self-testing and reviewing.

Las estrategias de aprendizaje son un conjunto organizado, consciente e intencional de lo que hace el estudiante para lograr con eficacia un objetivo de aprendizaje en un contexto social dado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el tipo y frecuencia de uso de estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes del curso de Clínica Integrada II, que corresponde al 3er año del programa general de 6 años de la Carrera de Odontología, y analizar su utilización en función del tiempo de permanencia en la Facultad. Los alumnos (n=189) respondieron el cuestionario "Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje y Estudio" (LASSI). Este instrumento consta de 10 dimensiones organizadas en 77 reactivos. Las respuestas a cada reactivo fueron registradas mediante una escala de Likert (5 opciones). El puntaje total se obtuvo mediante asignación de valores a las respuestas elegidas. Los estudiantes fueron agrupados de acuerdo con el tiempo transcurrido entre el ingreso a la carrera y el la fecha en que cursaron la asignatura elegida. (Permanencia institucional, TI). Procesamiento estadístico: cálculo de media e intervalo de confianza para puntajes (total y por dominio) y comparación entre grupos (PI) mediante ANOVA de un factor y post hoc Tukey. El componente femenino fue 75%. El puntaje total para la muestra fue 275,3 (71,5% del máximo posible). Se comprobaron diferencias en el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje. Los alumnos con menor tiempo de permanencia institucional mostraron puntajes mas altos en las siguientes dimensiones: actitud e interés, motivación, autodisciplina, disponibilidad y autoevaluación / repaso.

Cross cultural adaptation and validation of the Early Childhood Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in Peruvian preschoolers.

The aim of the present work was to perform semantic adjustment and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Early Childhood Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in Spanish on a sample of the Peruvian population. The study was conducted on a sample of 128 children aged 3-5 years, who attended a public school (Hualmay District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru) in 2011. The ECOHIS questionnaire, developed to measure the impact of oral conditions and/or experiences of dental treatment on oral health-related quality of life in children under 5 years old and their parents or other family members was adapted cross-culturally and subjected to psychometric tests: validity (in terms of construct and discriminant) and reliability (in terms of internal consistency and stability). The cultural adaptation addressed ECOHIS semantic equivalence (Bordoni et al., 2012) and showed that 80-100% of respondents understood the questions. Construct validity was r = .557 (p < .05) between the scores of the Spanish version of ECOHIS and dental caries experience (dmft). Statistically significant differences (p < .001) were found for ECOHIS values between groups with and without tooth decay. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha (.948) and stability by intra-class correlation (.992). The Peruvian version of ECOHIS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability, enabling assessment of the impact of oral health problems in children under 5 years old.

Cross cultural adaptation and validation of the Early Childhood Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in Peruvian preschoolers. / Cross cultural adaptation and validation of the Early Childhood Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in Peruvian preschoolers.

The aim of the present work was to perform semantic adjustment and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Early Childhood Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in Spanish on a sample of the Peruvian population. The study was conducted on a sample of 128 children aged 3-5 years, who attended a public school (Hualmay District, Huaura Province, Lima, Peru) in 2011. The ECOHIS questionnaire, developed to measure the impact of oral conditions and/or experiences of dental treatment on oral health-related quality of life in children under 5 years old and their parents or other family members was adapted cross-culturally and subjected to psychometric tests: validity (in terms of construct and discriminant) and reliability (in terms of internal consistency and stability). The cultural adaptation addressed ECOHIS semantic equivalence (Bordoni et al., 2012) and showed that 80-100

of respondents understood the questions. Construct validity was r = .557 (p < .05) between the scores of the Spanish version of ECOHIS and dental caries experience (dmft). Statistically significant differences (p < .001) were found for ECOHIS values between groups with and without tooth decay. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbachs alpha (.948) and stability by intra-class correlation (.992). The Peruvian version of ECOHIS demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability, enabling assessment of the impact of oral health problems in children under 5 years old.